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Norfolk & Western v. Ayers explores emotional-distress damages, asbestos disease, and future cancer fear in railroad injury cases.

Wyeth v. Levine asks whether federal drug-label approval preempts state-law claims that a manufacturer failed to warn patients adequately.

AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion is a major arbitration case on class-action waivers, consumer contracts, and federal preemption.

Zivotofsky v. Kerry turns a passport birthplace entry into a major case about recognition power and foreign affairs.

Medellin v. Texas asks whether international court judgments and presidential memoranda can bind state courts without implementing legislation.

Kiobel limited Alien Tort Statute suits involving foreign conduct and raised hard questions about human rights litigation in U.S. courts.

Diamond v. Chakrabarty opened a long-running debate over biotechnology, invention, nature, and the limits of patent law.

McCulloch v. Maryland explains implied federal powers, state resistance, and why a tax on a national bank became a constitutional landmark.

Nollan v. California Coastal Commission asks when the government can require public access as a condition for a building permit.

Bell Atlantic v. Twombly changed federal pleading by requiring plausible allegations, not just possible claims.

eBay v. MercExchange rejected automatic patent injunctions and required courts to apply traditional equitable factors.

Kelo v. City of New London remains one of the most debated eminent-domain cases because it approved takings tied to economic development.